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How to Solve Python TypeError: the JSON object must be str, bytes or bytearray, not ‘TextIOWrapper’
This error occurs when you pass a File object to the json.loads() file. The json.loads() method expects a string, bytes or a bytearray. You can solve this error by calling the read() method on the file object to get a string or passing the file object to the...
How to Add Regression Line Equation and R-Squared on Graph using R
This tutorial will go through adding the regression line equation and R-squared to a plot in R with code examples. Table of contentsWhat is the Regression Equation?What is the R-Squared Value?Example: Using ggpubrCreate DataPlot Data and Add Regression EquationPlot...
How to Solve R Error in rep(1, n) : invalid “times” argument
This error occurs when you call the rep function to replicate data, but the value you provide to replicate the number is not a positive real number. You can solve this problem by ensuring that the number is a single, positive real number. This tutorial will go through...
How to Solve R Error: Could not find function “%>%”
The pipe operator, %>%, is a special function available under the magrittr package that allows you to pass the result of one function/argument to the other one in sequence. To use the pipe operator, you need to install and load the magrittr package....
How to Remove Outliers from Boxplot using ggplot2 in R
This tutorial will go through how to remove outliers from a boxplot using ggplot2 in R with the help of code examples. Table of contentsExampleRemove Outlier Using outlier.shape=NASummary Example In the following example, we are going to use the iris dataset to create...
How to Place Two Plots Side by Side using ggplot2 and cowplot in R
The easiest way to place two plots side by side using ggplot2 is to install gridExtra and then use the grid.arrange() function. For example, install.packages("gridExtra") grid.arrange(plot1, plot2, ncol=2) This tutorial will go through how to place two plots side by...
How to Get an Absolute Value in Rust
We can calculate the absolute value of a number using the abs() method. We have to specify the numeric type before we call the abs method, for example, if we want a 32-bit signed integer we need to put i32 after the number. This tutorial will go through how to...
How to Solve Python AttributeError: ‘datetime.datetime’ object has no attribute ‘timestamp’
The timestamp method was added in Python 3.3. If you try to call the timestamp method with Python version 3.2 or earlier, you will raise the AttributeError: 'datetime.datetime' object has no attribute 'timestamp'. You can solve this error by upgrading to the latest...
How to Solve Python AttributeError: ‘str’ object has no attribute ‘reverse’
This error occurs when you try to reverse a string by calling reverse() directly on the string object. The reverse() method belongs to the List data type, not String. You can solve this error by using the subscript operator, for example, reversed_str = a_str[::-1]...
How to Rotate and Space Axis Labels in ggplot2 with R
You can rotate the axis labels by using angle parameter of the element_text() function when modifying the theme of your plot, for example: theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5) We can use vjust and hjust in element_text() to add horizontal and...